This project combines field studies with ecotoxicological studies to assess the potential impact of copper mining on rivers and streams in Panama. We use a combination of techniques such as environmental DNA, behavioral experiments, LC50s, mesocosm experiments and artificial substrates. The final aim of the project is to understand if there is a toxic effect of mining activities on the aquatic organisms and if this can translate into changes in the community structure and functioning. Also, the project will explore the modulating role of natural disturbances (i.e. floods), which are common in the tropical landscape.